The truthmaker principle – which looks to be based upon a seemingly plausible intuition – faces a number of troubles, including that of NEGATIVE truths. According to the truthmaker principle, true propositions are true in virtue of what exists. But, intuitively, NEGATIVE truths are true in virtue of what does not exist. Adding NEGATIVE facts to one’s ontology isa metaphysical cost that has been paid to solve the PROBLEM of NEGATIVE truths. In this paper, I firstly mention some preliminary issues about the truthmaker principle. After enumerating possible solutions to NEGATIVE truths, I will deal with the solution which appeals to NEGATIVE facts. Then I will argue that which kind of NEGATIVE facts does better its jobs. In the rest of the paper, I will disallow some propounded difficulties with this solution. Afterwards, I will illustrate that NEGATIVE facts face three new PROBLEMs.

AIDS as a chronic dangerous disease is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to compare of looming maladaptive style, NEGATIVE PROBLEM-ORIENTATION, interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing style, and rejection sensitivity in the patients with AIDS and healthy people. The method of this study was descriptive from its comparative casual types. The population was all of patients with AIDS referred to health center in the Urmia. The Sample was 40 patients with AIDS referred to health center in the Urmia and 40 healthy people selected by convenient sampling method. Data analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that there is significant deference between two groups in the variables of looming maladaptive style, NEGATIVE PROBLEM-ORIENTATION; interpersonal emotion regulation, emotional processing styles and rejection sensitivity and patients with AIDS get the higher scores in these variables. It can be concluded that many psychological PROBLEMs that these patients experience are in part is due to cognitive, emotional and social factors that have been studied in this study. Therefore, paying attention to these factors in the etiology and treatment of psychological PROBLEMs of these patients can be a useful step in the reducing of these PROBLEMs and improving of mental health in the patients.

Background and Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of PROBLEM solving training on life ORIENTATION, positive and NEGATIVE emotions, and learned helplessness in incompatible couples in Qaemshahr city. Materials and Methods: The method of the present research was an experiment and a quasi-experimental research design with a control group. The statistical population included all couples who referred to counseling centers in Qaemshahr city in 2023. 30 couples were selected as a sample using available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Then, the subjects of the experimental group received PROBLEM solving training during 8 sessions of 60 minutes. In order to collect data from life ORIENTATION questionnaires (Shier and Carver, 1994), positive and NEGATIVE affect (Watson et al., 1988) and learned helplessness (Quinless and Nilsson, 1988) in two stages before and after training in both groups (experiment and control) were used. Results: The findings from the analysis of covariance test showed that PROBLEM solving training improved optimism in life ORIENTATION, increased positive emotion, and reduced learned helplessness in the tested group (p=0.05).  Conclusion: According to the findings of the present research, in the field of therapy and counseling of incompatible couples, training in PROBLEM solving for the compatibility of couples and solving their conflicts; It looks very efficient and promising.

Background and Aim: The family relationships of parents suffering from cancer change following the onset of physical PROBLEMs, the experience of depression and the lack of emotional access. This study aimed to compare the NEGATIVE ORIENTATION of adolescent girls with mothers with and without breast cancer toward the PROBLEM, hopelessness and perceived stress. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population was all the adolescent girls 13-18 years old referring to the oncology ward of Golestan Teaching Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran during a 6-month period accompanying their mothers suffering from breast cancer. The girls for the group with mothers with cancer (n=57, mean age 16. 31± 4. 65 years) and the group with mothers without cancer (n=57, mean age 16. 02 ± 3. 27 years) were selected using convenient and multistage sampling, respectively. Both groups completed the Robichuad and Dogus NEGATIVE ORIENTATION to PROBLEM questionnaire, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Chohen Pecieved Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using the one-way and multivariate analysis of variance (with a p<0. 05 to show statistical significance) with the software SPSS-22. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups as regards the variables of NEGATIVE ORIENTATION toward the PROBLEM and hopelessness (F= 4. 21; p<0. 05), while no significant difference was found between them as regards perceived stress (F= 0. 015 P= 0. 90). Conclusion: The children of cancer patients have psychological PROBLEMs and, therefore, need guidance and support. Improvements in the psychological conditions of children will improve their relationship with their mothers, who will then feel more relieved.

Intolerance of uncertainly, Cognitive avoidance, NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION and Positive beliefs about worry play an important role in Generalize anxiety disorder (GAD) and leads to development and maintain of GAD. The purpose of this research was comparing of these cognitive variables among GAD patients and normal people. For this aims thirty GAD patients and thirty normal people were selected using intact sampling. Then Intolerance of uncertainly questioner, Cognitive avoidance questioner, NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION questioner and why worry II was administrate. The results showed that there is significant different among groups in NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION (p<0/0001, F=19/13) and Intolerance of uncertainly (p<0/0001, F=23/88). The practical and theoretical implications of the research were discussed in the section of discussion.

Introduction: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders, and its treatment is very important. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on Dugas' model focuses on the causative agents of this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CBT based on Dugas' model on NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION and PROBLEM-solving in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: In this study in 2020, 30 patients with GAD diagnosis were selected by multi-stage cluster method from psychological clinics in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute CBT based on Dugas' model. Due to the drop in sample, 24 subjects in the pre-test and post-test stages fulfilled Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION Questionnaire (NPOQ), and Heppner PROBLEM Solving Inventory (PSI). Finally, the results were analyzed using the SPSS-21 and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results of MANCOVA showed that there was generally a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION and PROBLEM-solving (P< 0. 01). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Dugas' model, is effective in improving NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION and PROBLEM-solving in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

Background: Entrococci is a clinically important pathogenic bacterium in UTIs. CHROMagar ORIENTATION is a recently method for rapid, easy and economic isolation and identification of entrococci. This study compares the chromogenic media with traditional methods for presumptive identification of entrococci from urine specimen. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 240 gram positive cocci from urine specimens. These isolated microorganisms were inoculated on CHROMagar ORIENTATION and were presumptively identified according to manufacturer instruction. The identity of all isolated microorganisms was then confirmed by conventional identification tests and compared with the results obtained from CHROMagar ORIENTATION. Results: In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar ORIENTATION to identify entrococci, solely, were 100% and 40.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Although CHROMagar ORIENTATION was rapid and sensitive method for identification of entrococci in urine culture, CHROMagar ORIENTATION alone appeared not to be very specific for entrococci and needed to be combined with other tests for greater exclusivity. So, CHROMagar ORIENTATION media is not recommended for routine usages in medical laboratories in Iran.